Back in 1998, the RF world got very excited about the possibilities of using spread spectrum
for ham radio. Listed below is some historical information related to this movement -- FCC's initial
proposed regulations that would make this possible, and comments from the community about these proposed
regulations.
COMMISSION PROPOSES TO MAKE SPECTRUM
AVAILABLE FOR USE BY NEW UNLICENSED
EQUIPMENT; NII/SUPERNET DEVICES WOULD
FACILITATE INTERCONNECTION TO THE NII
ET Docket No. 96-102 (Report No. DC 96-36, Action in Docket Case)
The Commission has adopted a Notice of Proposed
Rule Making to make available 350 megahertz of spectrum
at 5.15 - 5.35 GHz and 5.725 - 5.875 GHz for use by a new
category of unlicensed equipment called NII/SUPERNet
devices.
Action by the Commission April 25, 1996, by
NPRM (FCC 96-193).
News Media contact: Rochelle Cohen at (202) 418-
0500. Office of Engineering and Technology contacts: Tom
Derenge at (202) 418-2451 and Fred Thomas at (202) 418-
2449. [Internet file name: nret6007.txt]
The ARRL's SS Petition to the FCC
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
Source: TAPR posted April 3, 1996, El Granada, CA.
Before the
FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20554
In the Matter of )
)
Amendment of Part 97 of the ) RM-8737
Commission's Rules Governing )
the Amateur Radio Service to )
Facilitate Spread Spectrum )
Communications )
To: The Commission
PETITION FOR RULE MAKING
The American Radio Relay
League, Incorpated
Christopher D Imlay
BOOTH FRERET & IMLAY, P.C.
1233 20th Street. N.W.
Suite 204
Washington, D.C. 20036
(202) 296-9100
December 12, 1995
SUMMARY
The American Radio Relay League, Incorporated (the League), the national association
of amateur radio operators in the United States, respectfully requests that the Commission
issue a Notice of Proposed Rule Making at an early date, looking toward the amendment
of the Commission's Rules and Regulations regarding the Amateur Radio Service, in order
to facilitate, to a greater extent than is done by the present rules, the contributions
of the Amateur Service to the development of spread-spectrum communications.
The petition proposes (1) to permit brief test transmissions using SS emissions;
(2) to permit international SS communications between United States' amateurs and
amateurs in countries that permit amateur use of those emissions;
(3) deletion of unnecessary restrictions on spreading codes and repetitive
definitions of "harmful interference," and (4) to
provide for automatic power control to insure use of minimum necessary power to
conduct SS communications.
The League urges that the Commission propose and ultimately adopt these proposed
rule changes. These are, in the League's opinion, the minimum changes necessary
in order to foster SS experimentation in the Amateur Service, while at the same
time preserving those necessary existing protections against those who might
conceivably exploit the amateur bands for non-amateur purposes. Spread-spectrum
techniques are in regular use in Part 15 applications, but have not been given
the attention deserved in other communications systems, such as the land mobile
services, as a means of increasing the efficiency of use of crowded shared
bands. The Amateur Service regularly functions as a provider of refinements of
new technologies and provides means of deployment of those technologies on a
cost-effective basis. In order to permit the degree of flexibility in use of
this technology in particular, the Commission should provide the necessary
regulatory environment to do so. These rule changes represent a conservative,
and yet functional approach to reform of SS rules.
Before the
FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20554
In the Matter of )
)
Amendment of Part 97 of the ) RM - 8737
Commission's Rules Governing )
the Amateur Radio Service to )
Facilitate Spread Spectrum )
Communications )
To: The Commission
PETITION FOR RULE MAKING
The American Radio Relay League, Incorporated (the League), the national
association of amateur radio operators in the United States, by counsel
and pursuant to Section 1.401 of the Commission's Rules (47 C.Z.R. § 1.401)
hereby respectfully requests that the commission issue a Notice of Proposed
Rule Making at an early date, looking toward the amendment of the commissions
Rules and Regulations regarding the Amateur Radio Service as set forth in
the attached Appendix. The purpose of the proposed rule changes is to Facilitate,
to a greater extent than is done by the present rules, the contributions of the
Amateur Service to the development of spread-spectrum communications. As good
cause for the proposed changes, the League states as follows:
I. Introduction
1. Use of spread spectrum communications in the Amateur Service is
relatively new. It was first authorized by the Commission by Report and
Orders 58 RR 2d 328 (1985). The Commission authorized spread-spectrum
communications in the Amateur Service in order to permit amateurs to develop,
test and operate low-cost spread spectrum systems, thus to stimulate technical
advances in radio technology, consistent with the basis and purpose of the
Amateur Service (47 C.F.R. Section 97.1). The Specific Benefits to the public
to be gained from amateur use of spread-spectrum (SS) communications as
determined by the Commission included the following: Reduced power density
and concomitant reduction of interference to narrow band communication systems;
2) Significant improvements in communication under conditions with poor
signal-to-interference ratio; 3) Improved communication performance in selective
fading and multipath environments; and 4) Ability to accommodate more communication
channels functioning simultaneously in the same spectrum than is possible uising
frequency division multiple access exclusively.
2. Since the time SS communications were first authorized in the Amateur
Service in mid-1985, there have been some experimental amateur operations using
SS techniques, but its use has not been widespread. The League believes that one
significant reason for this reduced level of experimentation is due to limitations
in the rules governing SS communications in the Amateur Service. The revised rules
in the proposed appendix are intended to provide increased flexibility in the use
of this mode, to encourage amateurs to experiment and use SS communications, to
develop new techniques for increased spectrum efficiency using this mode, and to
improve compatibility with narrow-band modes.
II. Spread-Spectrum Communications Rules Should Be Flexible
3. Commission policy is and has been to encourage experimentation and to provide a
Regulatory environment for the Amateur Service which encourages modern techniques,
technology and uses of amateur radio. (1)
4. SS communications are well-suited to the Amateur Service,
especially in shared bands. Amateur experimentation in SS
communications, in view of the apparent compatibility of SS
communications and narrow-band modes commonly used in the Amateur Service, is of potential
benefit in terms of spectrum efficiency. This was noted by the Commission in Docket 81-414.
There were some concerns expressed by commenters in that proceeding. These initial objections
fell into three categories: 1) concern about intraservice interference; 2) concern about inter-service
interference; and 3) concern about monitoring issues, and the ability to protect the Amateur
Service against interlopers. These issues are not of practical concern now, and they are not
anticipated to become significant under the proposed revised SS rules. There have not been,
in the League's experience, any established instances of actual interference to narrow-band
amateur communications from SS communications. Tests conducted by amateur groups have established
that certain configurations of SS operations can, due to increased in-band noise, trigger
amateur repeater inputs (if those repeaters are carrier-operated), but that potential
interaction is easily avoided by selection of spread-spectrum parameters. 58 RR 2d at 329,
and authorities cited therein at footnotes 4-9. There are potential interactions between SS
and narrow-band modes in certain circumstances, depending on processing gain and the randomness
of spreading codes, however.(2) There have been no
reported instances whatsoever, in the League's experience, of interference to other radio
services from amateur SS communications. (3)
5. Notwithstanding the Commission's general support of Amateur SS communications,
as stated in the Report and Order in Docket 81-414, the rules adopted in that proceeding
were quite circumscribed. The limitations were principally aimed at facilitating station
identification by other amateur stations, and limiting spreading sequences by specifying
a limited number of linear feedback shift registers. SS communications are currently
authorized only for domestic communications, (4)
and the frequencies available for SS communications were in the bands above 225 MHz.
(5) They remain as originally enacted,
to the present date.
6. The Commission has generously granted and extended special Temporary Authority for
SS experimentation, however. The experiences of amateurs pursuant to these past Special
Temporary Authorities indicate that the present rules include certain significant limiting
factors which could be liberalized without detracting at all from other, narrow-band amateur
communications.
It is the League's belief, and apparently that of Commission staff as well, that
experimentation in the Amateur Service, and particularly further SS experimentation,
should be accommodated by increased flexibility in the rules, and not by reliance on
STAs. According to a report by Mr. Buaas, K6KGS, holder of a Commission STA, which
report was filed with the Chief, Private Radio Bureau in March of 1993;
Our work to date has focused on determining: a) what performance
can be achieved utilizing several techniques in spectra already
occupied by narrowband emitters, b) what level of interference
results to existing users; c) what impact existing usage has on
degrading SS performance; d) how much usage can be pressed into
a given spectrum using CDMA; and e) what proposals we might make
to change the Rules and thereby further encourage experimentation
without the need for this STA.
*****
Several of our experiments have been particularly successful.
We started with designs which would meet the limits set forth for
Part 15 systems, and worked up from there. One hybrid design
(DS coupled with slow FH) was particularly effective in minimizing
interference...
*****
It is now clear to us that use of SS in the Amateur Service has
been severely limited by the design restrictions in the Rules...
The League agrees that it is useful to relax somewhat the rules
contained in Sections 97.305(b) and 97.311 governing amateur SS
operation, to permit greater operating flexibility and the
development of SS communications as a practical communications mode
in the Amateur Service without adverse interaction with other modes.
III. Proposed Rule Changes
7. The first change proposed by the League is to permit brief
test transmissions of SS emissions, as is permitted in Section 97.305(b)
for other types of emissions, except that test transmissions using SS
emissions would be limited to those frequency bands where SS emissions
are authorized generally, as is the case with pulse modulation transmissions.
8. Second, it is proposed to amend Section 97.311(a) of the Rules to modify
the requirement that SS communications be limited only to domestic communications.
Amateur communications have always been permitted internationally between countries
that permit it, and SS emissions should not be prohibited between United states
amateurs and amateurs in countries where those emissions are permitted as well.
9. The reference in § 97.311(b) to unintentional triggering of repeater
inputs, a reference in the rules governing SS communications since 1984, is
unnecessary because it is merely repetitive of existing definitions of "harmful
interference" in the ITU Radio Regulations and in commission definitions and
interpretations generally. Harmful interference for non-safety-of-life radio services
does not include squelch breaks and repeater activation. (6)
l0. It is proposed to delete Subsections 97.311(c) and (d), in
order to permit hybrid frequency-hopping (FH) and direct-sequence
(DS) emissions, and spreading codes not currently permitted by the
rules, but which are desirable. The current rules permit only two
techniques, neither of which is optimal for sharing. There are
newer codes, including those used by Part 15 device manufacturers,
which have been optimized to avoid interaction with shared users.
These could be used if the rules were more flexible . Elimination
of the rule limiting amateurs to specific spreading sequences is
necessary to facilitate experimentation. The proposed rule changes
would delete the limitations on SS configurations contained in the
present Section 97.311(d). This modification is necessary to
provide sufficient flexibility to experiment with other spreading
sequences, tap settings and frequency hopping techniques. Nor will
the changes create any difficulty with station identification,
(7) or with protection of
the Amateur Service from commercial or unlicensed encroachment.
The narrow-band identification requirement is sufficient, together
with the documentation requirement in Section 97.311(e) of the Rules,
to permit the degree of monitoring of SS activities of amateurs
necessary to protect the Service. As the Commission appropriately
recognized in addressing monitorability of unspecified digital codes
in the Amateur Service, quoted in the Report and Order in Docket 81-414:
In balancing our objectives of encouraging new technologies
against ensuring our enforcement capability, it must be
recognized that there is an incompatibility between
authorizing experimentation with "exotic" technologies and
the employment of channel monitoring as an enforcement tool.
Our ability to verify that the content of messages complies
with our rule requirements will be hindered by the broad
relaxation of regulatory constraints that we are ordering in
this proceeding. However, the Commission agrees...that
special provisions we are including in the final rules, as
well as existing provisions that identification be made
in plain English or the international Morse code, should,
when combined with the zealous effort of the amateur
community to protect their allocated frequency bands,
provide adequate protection against unauthorized operation
in the service.
58 RX 2d at 330.
11. Finally, the proposed appendix would amend Section
97.311(g), to provide for automatic transmitter power control which
would limit output power to that which is required for the
communication, when more than one watt of transmitter power is
used. This is a simple matter to accomplish technically, and it
will insure compliance with Section 97.313(a) of the rules, which
requires the use of minimum transmitter power. It will also
minimize any potential for interference to other amateur stations
and insure maximum spectrum efficiency.
IV. Conclusion
12. The League urges that the Commission propose and
ultimately adopt these proposed rule changes, which are in the
League's opinion the minimum necessary changes in order to foster
SS experimentation in the Amateur Service, while at the same time
preserving those necessary existing protections against those who
might conceivably exploit the amateur bands for non-amateur
purposes. Spread-spectrum techniques are in regular use in Part 15
applications, but have not been given the attention deserved in
other communications systems, such as the land mobile services, as
a means of increasing the efficiency of use of crowded shared
bands. The Amateur Service regularly functions as a provider of
refinements of new technologies and provides means of deployment of
those technologies on a cost-effective basis. In order to permit
the degree of flexibility in use of this technology in particular,
the Commission should provide the necessary regulatory environment
to do so. These rule changes were developed by a dedicated
committee of League staff and volunteers familiar with the
technology, and represent a conservative, and yet functional
approach to reform of SS rules.
Therefore, the foregoing considered, the American Radio Relay
League, Incorporated respectfully requests that the Commission
issue a notice of proposes rule making to implement the rules
contained in the attached Appendix, and adopt the same after an
opportunity for notice and public comment.
Respectfully submitted,
THE AMERICAN RADIO RELAY
LEAGUE, INCORPORATED
225 Main Street
Newington, CT 06111
By: Christopher D. Imlay
Its General Counsel
BOOTH FRERET & IMLAY, P.C.
1233 20th Street, N.W., Suite 204
Washington, Z.C. 20036
(202) 296-9100
December 12, l995
APPENDIX
Section 97.305(b) is amended to read as follows:
(b) A station may transmit a test emission on any
frequency authorized to the control operator for brief
periods for experimental purposes, except that no pulse
or SS modulation emission may be transmitted on any
frequency where pulse or SS is not specifically
authorized.
Section 97.311(a) is amended to read as follows:
(a) SS emission transmissions by an amateur station are
authorized only for communications between points within
areas where the amateur service is regulated by the FCC
and between an area where the amateur service is
regulated by the FCC and an amateur station in another
country which permits SS communications for its amateur
licensees.
Section 97.311(b) is amended by deleting the last sentence thereof.
Section 97.311(c) and (d) are deleted in their entirety.
Section 97.311(g) is amended to read as follows:
(g) The transmitter power output must not exceed 100 W
under any circumstances. If more than 1 W is used,
automatic transmitter control shall limit output power to
that which is required for the communication. This shall
be determined by use of the ratio, measured at the
receiver, of the received energy per user data bit (Eb)
to the sum of the received power spectral densities of
noise (No) and co-channel interference (Io). Average
transmitter power over 1 W shall be automatically
adjusted to maintain an Eb/(No+Io) ratio of no more than
23 db at the intended receiver .
Footnotes
1. See the Notice of Proposed Rule Making, 3 FCC Rcd. 2076 (1988).
2. These potential interactions are no different than those
involving other mode compatibility issues in the Amateur Service
except that current rules require protection by amateurs using SS
emissions of users of other modes. 47 C.F.R. § 97.311(b). Conflicts
are avoided by informal band planning and normal sharing
considerations which work well in the crowded amateur bands.
Avoidance of weak-signal subbands by SS operations is a reasonable
preventative step.
3. In Docket 81-414, the Commission addressed concern by
the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) about
interference to television channel 2 (54-60 Mhz) reception
from amateur SS operation at 50-5Z MHz as follows:
...NAB's principal concern was that uncontrolled
amateur transmissions might fall outside the allocated
band into channel 2. The Commission believes that NAB's
concerns are not well founded. First, rather simple
transmitter output filters can be used by amateur licensees
to prevent positively out of band emissions. Second,
licensees in the Amateur Service have had no significant
history of operating outside the allocated bands...In other
frequency bands where the Amateur Radio Service has
successfully shared allocations with different services,
we expect no worsening of interference since the power
density from currently existing narrow band transmissions
having the same total effective radiated power.
58 RR 2d at 330.
The Commission also noted that the NAB's concerns were moot,
since the authorization for SS communications extended only to
bands above 225 MHz. 47 C.F.R. § 97.305.
4. In the Commission's rewrite of the Amateur Rules,
commenced in 1988, the Commission deleted from the rules the
reference to international use of SS communications because no
international agreements had been enacted to facilitate such.
The Commission indicated in Docket 88-139 a willingness to
consider international use of SS communications if there were
international agreements enacted to permit such. No specific
agreements have been enacted on that subject to date.
5. The original proposal of the Commission in Docket 81-414
was to permit SS communications only in the 50, 144 and
220 MHz bands. Those bands were not authorized by the Report
and Order because of certain comments which noted the limited
size of the allocations and required limitations in bandwidth.
Therefore, the Commission authorized operation only in the UHF
and SHF bands.
6. See, the ITU Radio Regulations,at Article 1, in which
"Harmful Interference" is defined as interference which endangers
the functioning of a radionavigation service or of other safety
services or seriously degrades, obstructs or repeatedly interrupts
a radiocommunication service operating in accordance with these
regulations. A virtually identical definition appears at 47 C.F.R.
§ 97.3(a)(22). Past Commission interpretations of interference to
amateur repeaters have consistently applied the definition of
"harmful interference" to exclude mere squelch breaks. And, the
Commission held in an Order dismissing RM-7673 (DA-92-155, released
February 10, 1992) there are "many other methods" available to
prevent unintended triggering of repeaters besides restricting SS
emissions.
7. It is not proposed to modify the station
identification provisions in Section 97.119(b)(5) which
contains the CW identification requirement for SS
communications. The League questions the practicality of the
requirement, in view of the variability of frequency on which
the narrowband CW identification requirement may be located.
Nonetheless, it is not proposed to delete the requirement at
this time.
TAPR's COMMENTS
TAPR Comments on the League's SS Petition
Editor's note: Spread spectrum communications is a communications technology
invented during World War II and used extensively by military agencies. There are
two forms of spread spectrum communications in common use: one is frequency hopping,
where a transmitter and receiver rapidly hop from one frequency to another in a
pre-determined sequence. The other is direct sequence (or sometimes called
code division multiple access) spread spectrum. In DS, the radio signal is spread very wide
using a predetermined spreading sequence. A receiver must know the spread sequence to
demodulate the radio signal. We will be featuring several articles, including a tutorial,
on spread spectrum communications during the coming month or two.
This article presents the comments filed by the Tucson Amateur Packet Radio group in
response to new spread spectrum rules proposed by the American Radio Relay League, Inc.
Below are the comments that TAPR filed on the League's Spread
Spectrum Petition for Rulemaking.
It is still not too late to file any comments that you have on this
matter with the FCC. An explanation of the procedure of doing this appears
in the League's "FCC Rule Book" publication.
TAPR will be following this matter thru the entire rulemaking
process at the Commission. The next step will be to file reply comments
which are due at the Commission on March 12th.
Before the
FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20554
In the Matter of )
)
Amendment of Part 97 of the ) RM-8737
Commissions Rules Governing )
the Amateur Radio Service to )
Facilitate Spread Spectrum )
Communications )
To: The Commission
COMMENTS OF
TUCSON AMATEUR PACKET RADIO CORPORATION
The Tucson Amateur Packet Radio Corporation ("TAPR") submits these comments
in response to the above-referenced petition for rule making (the
"Petition") filed by the American Radio Relay League, Incorporated
("ARRL").
BACKGROUND AND STATEMENT OF INTEREST
TAPR is a non-profit (501(c)(3)) scientific and educational organization
with more than 2,500 members worldwide. It is chartered to engage in three
principal activities: scientific testing and research into the development
and improvement of technological systems for use in the amateur radio
service including, but not limited to, digital packet radio communications;
research and testing of systems, hardware, and software for packet radio
local area networks and computer network systems; and disseminating to the
public the information obtained as a result of such research and testing.
TAPR was founded in 1982 as a national organization with interests in the
areas of packet and digital communications. It grew out of a 1981 effort
to design a packet radio Terminal Node Controller, or "TNC," that would be
available to amateurs at a modest cost. From these initial designs emerged
what is now the de facto standard in amateur and many commercial packet
radio operations.
Today, TAPR continues as an international, membership-supported research
and development organization for the amateur radio community. TAPR
continues to develop new communications technology, provide kits for the
amateur community, and promote the advancement of the amateur art through
publications, meetings, and communications standards. TAPR also maintains
a web site (http://www.tapr.org),
which includes a page specifically
addressing current amateur spread spectrum issues (
http://www.tapr.org/spread_spectrum.html).
DISCUSSION
TAPR generally supports the recommendations made by the ARRL in its
Petition. Spread Spectrum ("SS") technology has not made great advances in
the amateur radio service since it was first permitted in 1985, in part due
to the fact that, by today's standards, the Part 97 regulations on amateur
spread spectrum are extremely restrictive. In particular, the small number
of fixed spreading codes permitted under Section 97.311(d)(1) inhibits the
use and development of SS by amateur radio stations. TAPR believes that it
is in the public interest, and in the interest of the amateur radio
service, to change the rules for SS in order to accelerate the adoption of
SS by the general amateur community.
TAPR also supports many of the specific recommendations made by the ARRL.
First, TAPR supports the ARRL's request to modify Part 97.311(b) as it
pertains to the unintentional triggering of repeater inputs. This section
is redundant with other parts of the Commission's rules and, therefore, is
unnecessary.
Second, TAPR supports the ARRL's request to delete sections 97.311(c) and
(d), in order to permit SS emissions and spreading codes that are not
currently authorized. Elimination of the rule that dictates specific
spreading codes is necessary to facilitate further experimentation and to
match the provisions allowed under an existing amateur service SS STA,
discussed below. In addition, it would facilitate the use and adoption by
amateur radio operators of Part 15 SS equipment and hardware.
Third, TAPR supports the ARRL's proposed change to 97.311(g), which would
provide for automatic transmitter power control to limit the output power
of an SS station to that which is required for communication, when more
than one watt of output power is used. TAPR, however, differs with the
ARRL as to just how simple this requirement would be to implement
technically. While TAPR agrees that technically it is simple to control
the output power of a transmitter, it is quite another matter to make this
control automatic and foolproof. If the Commission decides to proceed with
this particular change to the rules, it should phase the change in over
some reasonable period of time, in order to give the amateur community the
opportunity to develop and deploy SS equipment that properly can meet this
requirement.
While, as noted above, TAPR agrees with many of the ARRL's recommendations,
it disagrees with a few of the proposals contained in the Petition.
In particular, TAPR differs with the ARRL with respect to the question of
which frequencies should be authorized for SS emissions. In the Petition,
the ARRL proposes that brief test transmissions of SS emissions be
permitted only on those frequency bands in which SS emissions currently are
authorized. TAPR believes that SS emissions should be allowed on all
frequency bands covered by the SS STA currently held by Mr. Robert Buaas
K6KGS (6m and 2m, in addition to the frequency bands currently authorized
by Part 97). In addition, the Commission should allow SS emissions in the
219-210 MHz band, which was authorized for use by the amateur radio service
after the Buaas SS STA was originally granted in 1992. Finally, the
Commission should not impose any restriction on the length of time SS
emissions are transmitted. Ample time already has been provided for the
experimental phase of SS usage in the amateur service (five years of
experimentation under the 1980 AMRAD STA and ten years under the current
Part 97 rules), and it is now time to allow SS use without restriction.
TAPR also differs with the ARRL as to how station identification and
documentation should be handled under a revised set of rules. The ARRL in
its petition did not ask the Commission to delete sections 97.311(e) and
97.119(b)(5) of the rules, even though it questioned the practicality of
the requirements set forth in these sections. TAPR, in contrast,
recommends that the Commission delete these subsections of the rules. The
interference and harm to the band in which an SS station is operating that
would be caused by a requirement to use a CW identification outweighs the
benefits that would accrue for monitoring purposes from the use of the ID.
As a result, the amateur radio community should be permitted to develop an
approach for handling the necessary functions of monitoring and
identification. TAPR already is working on possible resolutions to this
problem and in the near future will be in a position to make a proposal to
the Commission on this matter.
CONCLUSION
SS technology can provide many useful benefits to the amateur radio
community if its use becomes more widespread and mainstream. In order to
accomplish this, however, certain changes must be made to the Commission's
rules governing the use of SS in the amateur radio service. By making
these changes, the Commission will create a regulatory environment that
will give members of the amateur radio service enough flexibility to
develop innovative equipment and hardware employing SS technology.
For these reasons, TAPR urges the Commission promptly to issue a notice of
proposed rule making to facilitate spread spectrum communications in the
amateur radio service, as proposed in the Petition and as modified herein.
Respectfully submitted,
THE TUCSON AMATEUR PACKET RADIO CORPORATION
By:
Dewayne Hendricks
Tucson Amateur Packet Radio Corporation
8987-309 E Tanque Verde Rd #337
Tucson, Arizona 85749-9399
(817) 383-0000
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Dewayne Hendricks, WA8DZP ! CIS: 75210,10 AppleLink: D6547
Warp Speed Imagineering ! Internet: dewayne@warpspeed.com
43730 Vista Del Mar ! Packet Radio: WA8DZP @ K3MC.#NOCAL.CA.USA.NOAM
Fremont, CA 94539-3204 ! AOL: HENDRICKS
Fax: (510) 770-9854 ! WWW: http://www.warpspeed.com/
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Page note: SSS Online gratefully acknowledges the source of the above information to be
TAPR --
we thank them for this information and for their ongoing work in support of Ham radio!
