The Table below lists some common Bit Error Rates (BER) and Eb/No Requirements for Baseband PCM Receivers. These Eb/No numbers are the BEST that can be achieved with IDEAL baseband filtering and NRZ coding. To apply these numbers to BPSK or other modulation systems requires that an "implementation factor" be added in. For instance, Ideal BPSK requires 8.4 dB for a BER of 1E-4. Please consult the appropriate communication theory textbooks for further details, or check out some of the related links given below. Typical modulations used for Spread Spectrum Systems will always require a higher Eb/No for a given BER than listed here!